Death Is The Great Equalizer

Soviet and Russian small arms designer

Mikhail Kalashnikov
Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников
Born	Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov (1919-11-10)10 Nov 1919 Kurya, Altai Governate, Russian State
Died	23 Dec 2013(2013-12-23) (aged 94) Izhevsk, Udmurtia, Russia
Nationality	Russian
Occupation	Small arms designer Russian lieutenant general
Known for	Designer of the AK-47, AK-74 and RPK
Spouse(south)	Ekaterina Viktorovna Kalashnikova (née Moiseyeva; 1921–1977; her death)
Children	4, including Victor
Awards	USSR State Prize (1949)[1] Hero of Socialist Labour (1958)[1] Stalin Prize (1949)[2] [3] Lenin Prize (2)[i] Hero of the Russian Federation Order of St. Andrew Order For Merit to the Fatherland 2 cl.

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаи́л Тимофе́евич Кала́шников , IPA: [kɐˈlaʂnʲɪkəf]; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Soviet and Russian lieutenant full general, inventor, armed forces engineer, writer, and minor arms designer. He is most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle and its improvements, the AKM and AK-74, besides as the PK automobile gun and RPK light machine gun.^[1]

Kalashnikov was, according to himself, a self-taught tinkerer who combined innate mechanical skills with the study of weaponry to design arms that achieved battlefield ubiquity.^[4] Even though Kalashnikov felt sorrow at the weapons' uncontrolled distribution, he took pride in his inventions and in their reputation for reliability, emphasizing that his burglarize is "a weapon of defense" and "non a weapon for law-breaking".^[4]

Early life [edit]

Kalashnikov was built-in in the village of Kurya,^[i] in present-twenty-four hours Altai Krai, Russian federation, as the seventeenth child of the nineteen children^[5] of Aleksandra Frolovna Kalashnikova (née Kaverina) and Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov, who were peasants.^[five] In 1930, his father and most of his family had their properties confiscated and were deported as kulaks to the village of Nizhnyaya Mokhovaya, Tomsk Oblast.^{[half dozen] [vii]} In his youth, Mikhail suffered from diverse illnesses and was on the verge of death at historic period six.^[iii] He was attracted to all kinds of mechanism,^[6] but too wrote poesy, dreaming of becoming a poet.^[viii] He went on to write vi books and continued to write poetry all of his life.^{[7] [nine]} Later on deportation to Tomsk Oblast, his family unit had to combine farming with hunting, and thus Mikhail frequently used his father's rifle in his teens. Kalashnikov continued hunting into his 90s.^[3]

After completing seventh form, Mikhail, with his stepfather's permission, left his family and returned to Kurya, hiking for nigh i,000 km. In Kurya, he plant a job in mechanics at a tractor station. A political party organizer embedded within the manufacturing plant noticed the human being'south dexterity and issued him a directive (napravlenie) to work at a nearby weapons design agency, where he was employed equally a tester of fitted stocks in rifles. In 1938, he was conscripted into the Ruddy Army. Because of his pocket-size size^[10] and engineering skills he was assigned every bit a tank mechanic, and afterwards became a tank commander. While preparation, he made his first inventions, which concerned non only tanks, simply too small weapons, and was personally awarded a wrist sentry by Georgy Zhukov.^[3] Kalashnikov served on the T-34s of the 24th Tank Regiment, 108th Tank Division^[2] stationed in Stryi^[3] before the regiment retreated after the Battle of Brody in June 1941. He was wounded in gainsay in the Battle of Bryansk in October 1941^[three] and hospitalised until April 1942.^[2] In the last few months of being in hospital, he overheard some fellow soldiers bemoaning their current rifles, which were plagued with reliability problems, such as jamming. As he connected to overhear the complaints that the Soviet soldiers had, as shortly as he was discharged, he went to work on what would become the famous AK-47 assail rifle.^[xi]

The SMG predecessor of the Kalashnikov burglarize

Seeing the drawbacks of the standard infantry weapons at the fourth dimension, he decided to construct a new rifle for the Soviet armed forces. During this time Kalashnikov began designing a submachine gun.^[12] Although his first submachine gun blueprint was not accepted into service, his talent equally a designer was noticed.^[iii] From 1942 onwards, Kalashnikov was assigned to the Central Scientific-developmental Firing Range for Burglarize Firearms of the Chief Arms Directorate of the Reddish Army.^[thirteen]

In 1944, he designed a gas-operated carbine for the new 7.62×39mm cartridge. This weapon, influenced past the Garand rifle design, lost out to the new Simonov carbine which would be somewhen adopted equally the SKS; but it became a basis for his entry in an assault rifle contest in 1946.^[fourteen] His winning entry, the "Mikhtim" (so named by taking the first messages of his name and patronymic, Mikhail Timofeyevich) became the image for the development of a family of prototype rifles.^[15]

A Type two AK-47, the first machined receiver variation

This process culminated in 1947, when he designed the AK-47 (standing for Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947). In 1949, the AK became the standard effect assault rifle of the Soviet Ground forces and went on to become Kalashnikov'south most famous invention.

While developing his first assault rifles, Kalashnikov competed with ii much more experienced weapon designers, Vasily Degtyaryov and Georgy Shpagin, who both accepted the superiority of the AK-47 pattern. Kalashnikov named Alexandr Zaitsev and Vladimir Deikin as his major collaborators during those years.^[3]

Afterwards career [edit]

From 1949, Mikhail Kalashnikov lived and worked in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. He held a degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences (1971)^{[1] [2]} and was a member of 16 academies.^[16]

Over the course of his career, he evolved the basic design into a weapons family. The AKM (Russian: Автомат Кала́шникова Модернизированный, lit.'Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle'), commencement brought into service in 1959, was lighter and cheaper to manufacture, owing to the use of a stamped steel receiver (in identify of the AK-47's milled steel receiver) and contained detail improvements such as a re-shaped stock and muzzle compensator. From the AKM, he developed a squad automated weapon variant, known as the RPK (Russian: Ручной пулемет Кала́шникова, lit.'Kalashnikov lite motorcar gun').

Kalashnikov (R.) and Eugene Stoner (L.) hold the rifles they designed, taken May 1990

He besides developed the general-purpose PK machine gun (Russian: Пулемет Кала́шникова, lit.'Kalashnikov automobile gun'), which used the more than powerful 7.62×54mmR cartridge of the Mosin–Nagant rifle. It is cartridge chugalug-fed, non magazine-fed, as it is intended to provide heavy sustained fire from a tripod mountain, or be used as a light, bipod-mounted weapon. The mutual characteristics of all these weapons are simple blueprint, ruggedness and ease of maintenance in all operating conditions.

Approximately 100 million AK-47 attack rifles had been produced past 2009,^[9] and about one-half of them are counterfeit, manufactured at a rate of nearly a million per year.^{[12] [17]} Izhmash, the official manufacturer of AK-47 in Russian federation, did not patent the weapon until 1997, and in 2006 accounted for just 10% of the globe's product.^[8] This arm became famous due to its reliability in the most farthermost climatic conditions, functioning every bit perfectly in the desert as in the tundra. It is in official use by the militaries of 55 nations, and has been and then influential in armed forces struggle that information technology has been used on national flags. Prominent examples include the flags of Mozambique and Hezbollah, as well every bit the E Timorese and Zimbabwean coats of artillery.

Kalashnikov himself claimed he was always motivated past service to his country rather than money,^[seven] and fabricated no direct profit from weapon production.^[eighteen] He did however own 30% of a German company Marken Marketing International (MMI) run by his grandson Igor.^[19] The company revamps trademarks and produces merchandise carrying the Kalashnikov name, such as vodka,^[9] umbrellas and knives.^{[20] [21]} One of the items is a knife named for the AK-74.^[xix]

During a visit to the United States in the early 2000s, Kalashnikov was invited to tour a Virginia holding site for the forthcoming American Wartime Museum. Kalashnikov, a one-time tank commander, became visibly moved at the sight of his erstwhile tank in activity, painted with his name in Cyrillic.^[22]

Decease [edit]

After a prolonged illness, Kalashnikov was hospitalized on 17 November 2013, in an Udmurtian medical facility in Izhevsk, the uppercase of Udmurtia and where he lived. He died 23 December 2013, at age 94 from gastric hemorrhage.^{[23] [24] [25] [26]} In January 2014, a letter that Kalashnikov wrote six months before his death to the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Kirill, was published by the Russian daily newspaper Izvestia.^[27] In the alphabetic character, he stated that he was suffering "spiritual pain" about whether he was responsible for the deaths acquired past the weapons he created.^[28] Translated from the published letter he states, "I keep having the aforementioned unsolved question: if my rifle claimed people's lives, then tin can information technology be that I... a Christian and an Orthodox believer, was to blame for their deaths?"^{[29] [27]}

The patriarch wrote back, thanked Kalashnikov, and said that he "was an example of patriotism and a correct attitude toward the country". Kirill added most the blueprint responsibleness for the deaths past the rifle, "the church has a well-defined position when the weapon is defense of the Motherland, the Church supports its creators and the military, which employ it."^[27]

He became one of the beginning people cached in the Federal Armed forces Memorial Cemetery.

Family [edit]

Kalashnikov's father, Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov (1883–1930), was a peasant. He completed two grades of parochial schoolhouse and could read and write. In 1901, he married Aleksandra Frolovna Kaverina (1884–1957), who was illiterate throughout her life. They had nineteen children, merely only eight survived to adult age; Kalashnikov was born 17th, and was shut to death at historic period six.^[30]

In 1930, the government labeled Timofey Aleksandrovich a kulak, confiscated his property, and deported him to Siberia, along with about of the family. The eldest three siblings, daughters Agasha (b. 1905) and Anna and son Victor, were already married by 1930, and remained in Kuriya. After her husband's death in 1930, Aleksandra Frolovna married Efrem Kosach, a widower who had iii children of his own.^{[3] [6]}

Mikhail Kalashnikov married twice, the start time to Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova of Altai Krai. He married the 2nd fourth dimension to Ekaterina Viktorovna Moiseyeva (1921–1977).^{[4] [31]} She was an engineer and did much technical drawing work for her hubby. They had four children: daughters Nelli (b. 1942), Elena (b. 1948) and Natalya (1953–1983), and a son Victor (1942–2018).^{[3] [31]} Victor likewise became a prominent small artillery designer.

The title to the AK-47 trademark belonged to Mikhail Kalashnikov's family until 4 April 2016, when the Kalashnikov Concern won a lawsuit to invalidate the registration of the trademark.^[32]

Weapon designs [edit]

During his career, Kalashnikov designed about 150 models of small weapons.^[sixteen] The well-nigh famous of them are:

• AK-47
• AKM
• AK-74 / AKS-74U / AK-74M / AKS-74
• AK-101 / AK-102
• AK-103 / AK-104
• AK-105
• AK-12
• RPK / RPK-74
• PK / PKM / PKP
• Saiga semi-automated burglarize

Awards and tribute [edit]

A 2019 Russian stamp dedicated to the 100th ceremony of Kalashnikov's birth

Incorporates information from the corresponding article in the Russian Wikipedia

• Recipients of the Gild of St. Andrew^[34]
• In 1998, he was awarded an Club of Saint Andrew the Protoclete
• On his 90th birthday on ten November 2009, Kalashnikov was named a "Hero of the Russian Federation" and presented with a medal past President Dmitry Medvedev who lauded him for creating "the brand every Russian is proud of"^{[9] [eighteen]}
• In 2012, Izhevsk State Technical Academy was named subsequently Kalashnikov^[35]
• On 7 November 2014 a statue of Kalashnikov was unveiled at the Russian 102nd Armed forces Base of operations in Gyumri, Armenia. Armenian Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan attended the opening ceremony.^{[36] [37]}
• On 19 September 2017 a ix metres (30 ft) monument of Kalashnikov was unveiled in Garden Ring, central Moscow.^[38] A protester, later detained by police, attempted to unfurl a banner reading "a creator of weapons is a creator of decease".^[39]

Russian federation [edit]

Decorations

• Hero of the Russian Federation (2009)
• Club of St. Andrew (2008)
• Order For Merit to the Fatherland, 2d Grade (1994)
• Order of Military Merit (Russia) (2004)

Awards

• State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of pattern (1997)
• Laurels of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of educational activity (2003)
• All-Russian Literary Prize of Suvorov (2009)

Honorary diplomas

• Diploma of the Government of the Russia (1997, 1999)

Medals

• Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Corking Patriotic State of war 1941–1945"
• Medal "Symbol of Science" (2007)
• Gold Medal of Zhukov
• Medal "For outstanding contribution to the development of the drove business in Russia"

Acknowledgements

• Gratitude of the President of the Russian federation (1997,1999,2002,2007)

Soviet [edit]

Honors

• Hero of Socialist Labour (1958, 1976)
• Lodge of Lenin (1958, 1969, 1976)
• Guild of the October Revolution (1974)
• Lodge of the Cherry Star (1949)
• Order of the Patriotic War, 1st Course (1985)
• Social club of the Red Banner of Labour (1957)
• Guild of Friendship of Peoples (1982)

Medals

• Medal "Hammer and Sickle" (1958,1976)
• Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945"
• Medal "20 Years of Victory in the Cracking Patriotic War 1941–1945"
• Medal "In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the nascence of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
• Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
• Jubilee Medal "Xl Years of Victory in the Swell Patriotic War 1941–1945"
• Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Edge of the USSR"
• Medal "Veteran of Labor" on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
• Jubilee Medal "30 years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
• Jubilee Medal "40 years of the Armed services of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed services of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the War machine of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Medal "In Celebration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"

Awards

• Stalin Prize (1949)
• Lenin Prize (1964)

Foreign decorations [edit]

• Order of Award of Belarus (1999)
• Order of Friendship, First Class (2003)

Other honors [edit]

• the domicile of Mikhail Kalashnikov in the hamlet he set Courier lifetime bronze bosom (1980)
• the name of the designer named projected prospect in Izhevsk (1994)
• "Honorary Denizen of the Altai Territory" (1997)
• Ministry of Economy of Russia honor – The sign "of modest arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov" (1997)
• Spousal relationship of scientific and engineering organizations and the Government of Udmurtia established an honour named later on Mikhail Kalashnikov (1999)
• Diamond company "Alrosa" extracted 29 December 1995 gem diamonds weighing l.74 carats given the name "designer Mikhail Kalashnikov" (14.five x 15, 0h15, five mm, quality Stones Black) (1999)
• Mikhail Kalashnikov Cadet School in Votkinsk (2002)
• Award in his name at the Schoolhouse of Weapon Skills of Izhevsk (2002)
• Izhevsk State Cultural Institution "Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov"
• "Honorary Engineer of Kazakhstan" (Kazakhstan; 2004)
• Souvenir from President Hugo Chávez, the highest award of the Commonwealth – a re-create of the famous sword of Simon Bolivar, which is a relic of Venezuela and the re-create is equal to the highest honour of the country (2009)
• The name of Mikhail Kalashnikov was given to the military department of the Mining Institute in St. petersburg (2009)
• Izhevsk State Technical University was awarded the name of Mikhail Kalashnikov (2012)
• German pocketknife company Boker has dedicated a series to him (2013)
• The companies that brand Kalashnikov rifles, Izhmash and Izhevsk Mechanical Found were merged and formally renamed Kalashnikov Concern.^[forty] (2013)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Калашников Михаил Тимофеевич (in Russian). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 20 Jan 2013.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Работаю по призванию. Отечественные архивы (in Russian) (1). 2004. Archived from the original on xx Dec 2012. Contains an autobiography and a copy of the resume submitted with Kalashnikov's awarding to the Soviet Communist Political party
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f thou h i j} "Биография М.Т.Калашникова". Kalashnikov.name. Archived from the original on twenty March 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Chivers, C. J. (23 December 2013). "Mikhail Kalashnikov, Creator of AK-47, Dies at 94". The New York Times . Retrieved 25 December 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Калашников Михаил Тимофеевич". www.warheroes.ru . Retrieved 19 September 2017.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "The AK-47 Kalashnikov Museum". Kalashnikov-weapons-museum.ak47-guide.com. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Alexandr Osipovich (ten November 2009). "Gun inventor, 'happy human being' Kalashnikov turns 90". Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved twenty Nov 2009. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
8. ^ ^{a b} "Poet at heart: Kalashnikov inventory turns 90 in a hail of praise". The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). 12 November 2009. Retrieved sixteen December 2009.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} "Kalashnikov 'wanted to be poet and more'". BBC World News 74. 10 November 2009. Retrieved xi Nov 2009.
10. ^ Compare Kalashnikov and Dmitry Medvedev in File:Kalashnikov Medvedev.jpg. Medvedev is ca. 1.threescore m (5 ft iii in). Watt, Nick; Mucha, Jenna (5 July 2008). "World's Leaders Don't Stand up And so Tall". ABC News.
11. ^ Connolly, Kate (xxx July 2002). "Kalashnikov: 'I wish I'd made a lawnmower'". The Guardian.
12. ^ ^{a b} "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Slumber Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention". The Associated Printing via Fox News. half dozen July 2007.
13. ^ "Interview of Mikhail Kalashnikov". Guns of the World (Interview). History Channel. 15 December 2009.
14. ^ Bolotin, D.Northward. (1995). Soviet Small-Arms and Ammunition. Finnish Arms Museum Foundation. pp. 69–lxx, 115. ISBN9519718419.
15. ^ Kalashnikov, Mikhail (June 1983). "How and Why I Produced My Submachine Gun". Sputnik: A Digest of the Soviet Press. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency: lxx–75.
16. ^ ^{a b} Alexandrov, Georgy (10 November 2009). Михаил Калашников: "Всё нужное – просто" (in Russian). Argumenty i Facty.
17. ^ Solovyov, Dmitry (26 Oct 2009). "Kalashnikov, 90, decries "criminal" use of burglarize". Reuters . Retrieved 20 November 2009.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Begetter of the AK-47 receives Russian federation's peak honor". RIA Novosti. 10 Nov 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
19. ^ ^{a b} "Care for a Kalashnikov Umbrella?". The Moscow Times. 21 February 2003. Archived from the original on ten June 2014.
20. ^ "Coming before long – the Kalashnikov brolly?". BBC. 17 February 2003.
21. ^ Connolly, Kate (17 February 2003). "Kalashnikov lends his name to an umbrella". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
22. ^ Keating, Susan Katz (23 December 2013). "Mikhail Kalashnikov, Expressionless at 94, Once Visited the Tank Subcontract in Virginia". Susan Katz Keating blog. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
23. ^ Скончался легендарный конструктор стрелкового оружия Михаил Калашников (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 23 Dec 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
24. ^ Alpert, Lukas I.; Miller, Stephen (23 December 2013). "Designer of the Popular Kalashnikov Rifle Dies". The Wall Street Periodical . Retrieved 23 December 2013.
25. ^ "Mikhail Kalashnikov, designer of AK-47 burglarize, dead at 94". The Star. 23 December 2013.
26. ^ Heintz, Jim (23 December 2013). "Rifle designer Mikhail Kalashnikov dead at 94". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Telman, Denis (13 January 2014). "Earlier his expiry, wrote a letter of repentance Kalashnikov patriarch". Izvestia.
28. ^ BBC News – Kalashnikov 'feared he was to blame' for AK-47 rifle deaths. Bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (13 January 2014). Retrieved on xviii April 2014.
29. ^ "Kalashnikov 'feared he was to blame' for AK-47 rifle deaths". BBC. 13 January 2014.
30. ^ Andrea Drusch. "10 things about Kalashnikov". POLITICO . Retrieved 28 Dec 2020.
31. ^ ^{a b} Калашников Михаил Тимофеевич (in Russian). weaponplace.ru.
32. ^ "Концерн "Калашников" отсудил бренд АК-47 у родственников конструктора — Meduza". Retrieved nineteen September 2017.
33. ^ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О НАГРУДНОМ ЗНАКЕ "МЕДАЛЬ ИМЕНИ КОНСТРУКТОРА СТРЕЛКОВОГО ОРУЖИЯ М.Т. КАЛАШНИКОВА (in Russian). The Russian Ministry of Industry and Merchandise. 27 June 2008.
34. ^ "Orthodox Christians accolade retentiveness of Saint Apostle Andrew the Offset-called". Pravda. thirteen Dec 2001. Retrieved 13 Dec 2013.
35. ^ Теперь ИжГТУ носит имя М. Т. Калашникова (in Russian). istu.ru. 21 February 2012.
36. ^ "На российской военной базе в Армении открыт памятник выдающемуся оружейнику Михаилу Калашникову". mil.ru. Russian Ministry of Defense force. 7 November 2014.
37. ^ Գյումրիում բացվել է Միխայիլ Կալաշնիկովի արձանը (in Armenian). RFE/RL Armenian Service. seven Nov 2014.
38. ^ "A monument to Kalashnikov". The Economist. 21 September 2017.
39. ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 September 2017). "30ft-high statue of Mikhail Kalashnikov unveiled in Moscow". Retrieved nineteen September 2017 – via www.theguardian.com.
40. ^ Smith, Matthew (12 August 2013) Izhmash formally renamed Kalashnikov. IHS Jane's Defense force Weekly

Further reading [edit]

• Forge, John (Jan–Feb 2007). "No Alleviation For Kalashnikov". Philosophy Now (59). Retrieved 24 Jan 2007.
• Ружье. Оружие и амуниция double/special consequence of 1997/5-six has a fairly complete inventory of Kalashnikov'southward designs. Issues 1 and 2 of the same mag from 1999 accept manufactures on Kalashnikov's 1st sub-machine gun (1942) [one][two] and respectively his first rifle (1944–45) [three][iv].
• The Gun by C.J. Chivers thoroughly describes Mikhails early on abode life and retails the history of the AK-47, information technology'due south distribution, and archway into prevalence.
• Kalashnikov AK-47 - biography film (2020)

External links [edit]

• M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex
• 'I slumber soundly' – Interview with and commodity on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian paper.
• Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control
• BBC NEWS Contour: Mikhail Kalashnikov
• Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov
• The life of Mikhail Kalashnikov (in Russian)
• vii,62 мм ручной пулемет М.Т. Калашникова. 1944 г. Kalashikov model 1944 lite machine gun—his 2nd design.
• The Economist: Obituary eleven January 2014 Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov, weapons inventor, died on 23 December, aged 94

Death Is The Great Equalizer,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kalashnikov

Posted by: alejandrethiciathy.blogspot.com

Share this post